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Murashige & Skoog medium

Description

Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal medium is one of the most widely used formulations in plant tissue culture, containing only the original macronutrients and micronutrients as described by Murashige & Skoog (1962), without vitamins, plant growth regulators, sucrose, or gelling agents. Its high levels of nitrate and ammonium ions promote rapid callus growth, shoot induction, and general micropropagation, though the elevated salt concentration may require half-strength or modified formulations for rooting or sensitive species. As this formulation does not include vitamins, users may supplement it with MS vitamins, Gamborg’s B5 vitamins, or customized vitamin mixtures. To ensure consistency and safety, we has determined the half-lethal concentration (LD₅₀) for each macro- and microelement in the formulation, providing researchers with a reliable and scientifically validated medium for reproducible results. 

Technical info

Components (per liter) 

 Macroelements

  • NH₄NO₃ — 1650 mg/L (20.61 mM)
  • KNO₃ — 1900 mg/L (18.79 mM)
  • CaCl₂ — 332.02 mg/L (2.99 mM)
  • MgSO₄ — 180.54 mg/L (1.50 mM)
  • KH₂PO₄ — 170 mg/L (1.25 mM) 


 Microelements

  • FeNaEDTA — 36.7 mg/L (100 µM)
  • H₃BO₃ — 6.2 mg/L (100.27 µM)
  • MnSO₄·H₂O — 16.9 mg/L (100 µM)
  • ZnSO₄·7H₂O — 8.6 mg/L (29.91 µM)
  • KI — 0.83 mg/L (5 µM)
  • Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O — 0.25 mg/L (1.03 µM)
  • CuSO₄·5H₂O — 0.025 mg/L (0.10 µM)
  • CoCl₂·6H₂O — 0.025 mg/L (0.11 µM)


Storage Conditions

  • Store dry at room temperature (15–25 °C).
  • Keep tightly closed in original container.
  • Protect from moisture and direct sunlight.


Hazard Statements (GHS classification)

  • H315: Causes skin irritation.
  • H319: Causes serious eye irritation.
  • H335: May cause respiratory irritation.


Precautionary Statements

  • P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.
  • P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
  • P302+P352: IF ON SKIN: Wash with plenty of water.
  • P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing.
  • P260: Do not breathe dust.

MSDS

MSDS

Certificate of Analysis

Certificate of Analysis

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