Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal medium is one of the most widely used formulations in plant tissue culture, containing only the original macronutrients and micronutrients as described by Murashige & Skoog (1962), without vitamins, plant growth regulators, sucrose, or gelling agents. Its high levels of nitrate and ammonium ions promote rapid callus growth, shoot induction, and general micropropagation, though the elevated salt concentration may require half-strength or modified formulations for rooting or sensitive species. As this formulation does not include vitamins, users may supplement it with MS vitamins, Gamborg’s B5 vitamins, or customized vitamin mixtures. To ensure consistency and safety, we has determined the half-lethal concentration (LD₅₀) for each macro- and microelement in the formulation, providing researchers with a reliable and scientifically validated medium for reproducible results.
Components (per liter)
Macroelements
Microelements
Storage Conditions
Hazard Statements (GHS classification)
Precautionary Statements
MSDS
Certificate of Analysis
PEPP is designed by Plant Biotechnologies using natural plant extracts to protect plant from bacterial, fungal without using antibiotics